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Shqiptar\u00ebt n\u00eb studimet gjermane<\/strong><\/p>\n PRILL 2021<\/p>\n Nga Xhelal Zejneli<\/p>\n Historia dhe gjuha e shqiptar\u00ebve, nj\u00eb “terra incognita” p\u00ebr Evrop\u00ebn shkencore<\/p>\n Nga Xhelal Zejneli<\/p>\n t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb Rilindjes evropiane, u b\u00eb relativisht von\u00eb objekt i nj\u00eb interesimi t\u00eb gjall\u00eb dhe hetimi shkencor, p\u00ebr arsye se Shqip\u00ebria ende nuk ishte nj\u00eb shtet i pavarur ose autonom, e rrjedhimisht, historia dhe kultura e saj u pa vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kuadrin e nj\u00eb entiteti m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb politik, t\u00eb Perandoris\u00eb Osmane. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebr Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe shqiptar\u00ebt gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb periudhe t\u00eb mesjet\u00ebs (shekulli VI deri XI), prejardhja e shqiptar\u00ebve, n\u00eb studimet gjermane, u b\u00eb objekt i nj\u00eb debati t\u00eb gjat\u00eb shkencor. Studimi i gjuh\u00ebs shqipe p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundime mbi prejardhjen e saj e t\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve filloi qysh me filozofin dhe matematikanin gjerman Lajbnicin (Gottfried Wilhelm Lajbniz, 1646-1716) dhe me historianin suedez Tunman (Hans Erich Tunmann, 1746-1778; profesor n\u00eb universitetin e Halles n\u00eb Gjermani).<\/p>\n Tunman \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga albanolog\u00ebt e par\u00eb. N\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e tij Hulumtime p\u00ebr historin\u00eb e popujve t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs Lindore (1774) b\u00ebhen orvatjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar prejardhjen e shqiptar\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. Sipas tij, bazuar n\u00eb dokumentet e lashta greko-latine e bizantine, del se shqiptar\u00ebt mesjetar\u00eb jan\u00eb vazhdues autokton\u00eb t\u00eb ilir\u00ebve. Studimi i par\u00eb gjerman, e nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht evropian, rreth prejardhjes s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs shqipe e t\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve i takon filozofit m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb tij – Lajbnicit. K\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje ia kishte k\u00ebrkuar bibliotekari i Bibliotek\u00ebs Mbret\u00ebrore t\u00eb Berlinit, ku tanim\u00eb ishte themeluar Akademia e Shkencave e Prusis\u00eb. P\u00ebr prejardhjen e gjuh\u00ebs shqipe Lajbnici b\u00ebn fjal\u00eb n\u00eb tri letra q\u00eb tanim\u00eb njihen si “Letra shqiptare” t\u00eb cilat ai i d\u00ebrgonte bibliotekarit t\u00eb Bibliotek\u00ebs Mbret\u00ebrore t\u00eb Berlinit.<\/p>\n letr\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb dat\u00ebs 10 dhjetor 1709 Lajbnici e quan shqipen “gjuh\u00eb e ilir\u00ebve t\u00eb lasht\u00eb”. Enciklopedisti i gjuh\u00ebve – Lajbnici – thot\u00eb se kishte sht\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dor\u00eb nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr dhe nj\u00eb fjalor t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs shqipe, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt dihet se jan\u00eb “Doktrina e k\u00ebrshten\u00eb” (1618) e Pjet\u00ebr Budit (1566-1622) dhe “Fjalori latinisht-shqip” (“Dictionarium latino-epiroticum”) (1635) i Frang Bardhit (1606-1643). Filozofi i madh, n\u00eb etimologjizimet e fjal\u00ebve shqip operon me nj\u00eb koncept q\u00eb do t\u00eb formulohej shkenc\u00ebrisht rreth nj\u00eb shekull m\u00eb von\u00eb. Shekulli XVIII \u00ebsht\u00eb shekull i iluminizmit. M\u00eb 1774 u botua n\u00eb Lajpcig libri i Tunmanit K\u00ebrkime p\u00ebr historin\u00eb e popujve t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs Lindore, kushtuar historis\u00eb dhe prejardhjes s\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb rumun\u00ebve. Tunmani del si eksploratori i par\u00eb i Evrop\u00ebs shkencore n\u00eb historin\u00eb e shqiptar\u00ebve. Tunmani kishte v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dor\u00eb Fjalorin latinisht-shqip t\u00eb F. Bardhit dhe p\u00ebrkthimin shqip t\u00eb Katekizmit t\u00eb Belarminit nga Pjet\u00ebr Budi.<\/p>\n Koncepti i familjes gjuh\u00ebsore indoevropiane n\u00eb form\u00ebn e tij embrionale u parashtrua s\u00eb pari nga Uiliam Xhons rreth 80 vjet pas letr\u00ebs s\u00eb Lajbnicit. Gjuh\u00ebtari gjerman, nj\u00eb nga themeluesit e linguistik\u00ebs si shkenc\u00eb e pavarur Franc Bop (Franz Bopp, 1791-1867) \u00ebsht\u00eb i pari q\u00eb argumentoi se shqipja b\u00ebn pjes\u00eb n\u00eb trungun e gjuh\u00ebve indoevropiane.<\/p>\n Filozofi, shkrimtari dhe teoricieni i historis\u00eb s\u00eb shekullit XVIII Johan Gotfrid Herder (Johann Gottfried Herder, 1744-1803) n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e tij “Ide p\u00ebr historin\u00eb e njer\u00ebzimit”, 1784-1791), b\u00ebn fjal\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr popujt e sot\u00ebm t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs e t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. Herderi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vep\u00ebr thot\u00eb p\u00ebr shqiptar\u00ebt: “Ata nuk jan\u00eb aspak t\u00eb huaj, por nj\u00eb popull i lasht\u00eb i familjes evropiane”. Kjo ide e Herderit pohon autoktonin\u00eb e popullit shqiptar. P\u00ebr Herderin, shqiptar\u00ebt jan\u00eb popull me histori t\u00eb lasht\u00eb; dhe shqiptar\u00ebt rrjedhin prej ilir\u00ebve.<\/p>\n N\u00eb vitin 1850, profesori i Universitetit t\u00eb Berlinit August Shlajheri (1821-1868) v\u00ebrtetoi karakterin indoevropian t\u00eb shqipes.<\/p>\n Studiuesi dhe albanologu gjerman Jozef Riter fon Ksilander (Josef Ritter Xylander,1794-1854) \u00ebsht\u00eb autor i vepr\u00ebs Gjuha e shqiptar\u00ebve (Die Sprache der Albanesen oder Schkip\u00ebtaren,1835). N\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur \u00ebsht\u00eb botuar vepra n\u00eb fjal\u00eb e Herderit, p\u00ebr Evrop\u00ebn shkencore ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb e njohur edhe pik\u00ebpamja q\u00eb mohonte autoktonin\u00eb e shqiptar\u00ebve (rrjedhimisht edhe prejardhjen ilire t\u00eb tyre) n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet autor\u00ebve bizantin\u00eb Laonik Halkokondilit (rreth 1425-1490, i vetmi athinas t\u00eb cilin e njeh historia e let\u00ebrsis\u00eb bizantine) dhe historian\u00ebve kishtar\u00eb Le-Quien dhe Assemani, q\u00eb i b\u00ebnin shqiptar\u00ebt t\u00eb ardhur gjat\u00eb mesjet\u00ebs, i pari nga Alba e Italis\u00eb, kurse dy t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt \u2013 nga Albania e Kaukazit. Herderi \u00ebsht\u00eb autori i tret\u00eb gjerman ( nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht edhe evropian) q\u00eb shprehet n\u00eb favor t\u00eb prejardhjes ilire t\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve.<\/p>\n Studimet rreth Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb e shqiptar\u00ebve hyr\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb faz\u00eb t\u00eb re pas themelimit t\u00eb pashall\u00ebqeve shqiptare – autonome, sidomos t\u00eb pashall\u00ebkut t\u00eb Janin\u00ebs, udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi i t\u00eb cilit, Ali pash\u00eb Tepelena (1740-1822), nj\u00eb nga figurat m\u00eb madhore dhe m\u00eb komplekse t\u00eb kombit shqiptar, synoi jo vet\u00ebm autonomin\u00eb nga Porta, por edhe krijimin e nj\u00eb shteti t\u00eb pavarur q\u00eb do t\u00eb shtrinte sovranitetin e tij mbi t\u00eb gjitha trojet e banuara nga shqiptar\u00ebt. Ekzistenca e pashall\u00ebqeve faktikisht autonome i dha nj\u00eb impuls t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm zgjimit t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes komb\u00ebtare t\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve dhe ides\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00eb shteti komb\u00ebtar shqiptar dhe b\u00ebri t\u00eb njohur Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb si nj\u00eb entitet i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb politik brenda Perandoris\u00eb Osmane, si nj\u00eb objekt hetimi p\u00ebr Evrop\u00ebn shkencore.<\/p>\n pashall\u00ebkun e Ali pash\u00eb Tepelen\u00ebs u vendos\u00ebn p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues diplomatik\u00eb t\u00eb fuqive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, fillimisht t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs e t\u00eb Anglis\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt u mor\u00ebn me problemet shqiptare bashk\u00ebkohore dhe t\u00eb s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs, duke l\u00ebn\u00eb vepra interesante.<\/p>\n Konsull i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm i Franc\u00ebs n\u00eb Janin\u00eb u em\u00ebrua Puk\u00ebvili. Ky ndoqi nga af\u00ebr e p\u00ebr shum\u00eb vite veprimtarin\u00eb politike t\u00eb Ali pash\u00eb Tepelen\u00ebs. N\u00eb veprat e tij jepen t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb shumta mbi Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe shqiptar\u00ebt. Vepra e tij p\u00ebrshkohet nga nj\u00eb admirim p\u00ebr grek\u00ebt dhe nga nj\u00ebfar\u00eb denigrimi p\u00ebr shqiptar\u00ebt.<\/p>\n P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues politik i Anglis\u00eb n\u00eb Janin\u00eb u em\u00ebrua Uilliam Martin Lik. Me k\u00ebto punime bota shkencore evropiane mori n\u00eb dor\u00eb nj\u00eb informacion t\u00eb pasur p\u00ebr Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb si dhe nxitje p\u00ebr studimin e k\u00ebtij vendi dhe t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb tij. P\u00ebr q\u00ebllime njoh\u00ebse dhe studimi do t\u00eb sh\u00ebtisnin n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri q\u00eb nga poeti romantik anglez Xhorxh Gordon Bajroni (George G. Byron, 1788-1824) dhe miku i tij Xhon Kam Hobhaus (1786-1869) deri te dijetari francez Ami Bue dhe arkeologu francez Leon Hezej. N\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb poem\u00ebs s\u00eb vet Shtegtimet e \u00c7ajld Haroldit (1812-1818) Bajroni vler\u00ebson traditat burr\u00ebrore, trim\u00ebrit\u00eb, fisnik\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe mikpritjen e shqiptar\u00ebve.<\/p>\n Rreth problemit t\u00eb prejardhjes s\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve u shpreh\u00ebn vet\u00ebm Puk\u00ebvili dhe Liku. Q\u00ebndrimet e tyre jan\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta. Studiuesi francez pranon pik\u00ebpamjen fantastike t\u00eb shprehur nga historian\u00ebt kishtar\u00eb Le Quien dhe Asemani nga mesi i shekullit XVIII.<\/p>\n N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit XIX Anglia dhe Franca kishin interesa politike, ekonomike dhe ushtarake n\u00eb Mesdhe dhe n\u00eb perandorin\u00eb Osmane, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe provinc\u00ebn shqiptare t\u00eb saj. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb Rajhu gjerman ende nuk kishte interesa t\u00eb k\u00ebtilla ekspansioniste n\u00eb rajon. Por n\u00eb “klubin” osman t\u00eb fuqive evropiane shpejt do t\u00eb futet Austria. Q\u00eb nga vitet 40 t\u00eb shekullit XIX edhe Austria do t\u00eb kishte n\u00eb Janin\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e saj konsullor\u00eb. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit XIX problemi i prejardhjes dhe i gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve u b\u00eb objekt i hetimit shkencor p\u00ebr arb\u00ebresh\u00ebt e Italis\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt tani kishin hyr\u00eb n\u00eb etap\u00ebn e nj\u00eb zgjimi t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes p\u00ebr komb\u00ebsin\u00eb e lasht\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs i p\u00ebrkisnin.<\/p>\n S\u00eb pari Nikoll\u00eb Keta (1742-1803) n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn “Etimologji t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs shqipe” argumentonte autoktonin\u00eb e shqiptar\u00ebve dhe prejardhjen ilire t\u00eb tyre. N\u00eb “Annales des Voyages” (vol. III, 1809) (Analet e udh\u00ebtimeve) t\u00eb botuar nga Malte-Brun, studiuesi arb\u00ebresh Engj\u00ebll Mashi (1758-1821) botoi punimin “Ese p\u00ebr prejardhjen e zakonet dhe gjendjen aktuale t\u00eb kombit shqiptar” duke argumentuar prejardhjen ilire dhe autoktonin\u00eb e shqiptar\u00ebve.<\/p>\n Kur m\u00eb 1835 Uilliam Martin Lik nisi t\u00eb botonte n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr vepr\u00ebn e tij “Udh\u00ebtime n\u00eb Greqin\u00eb e veriut”, n\u00eb Frankfurt-mbi-Majn, doli nga shtypi libri i gjuh\u00ebtarit bavarez Jozef Riter fon Ksilander Die Sprache der Albanesen oder Schkip\u00ebtaren, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin duke u mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb 3500 fjal\u00eb t\u00eb shqipes solli argumente themelore n\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb prejardhjes s\u00eb lasht\u00eb indoevropiane t\u00eb saj, duke hedhur posht\u00eb pik\u00ebpamjen p\u00ebr prejardhjen tatare ose kaukaziane t\u00eb saj dhe duke u shprehur se shqipja \u00ebsht\u00eb bij\u00eb e ilirishtes dhe shqiptar\u00ebt – pasardh\u00ebs t\u00eb ilir\u00ebve. Ai argumentoi se shqipja nuk ka lindur nga ndonj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje mekanike e gjuh\u00ebve romane.<\/p>\n Ksilanderi studimin e gjuh\u00ebs shqipe arriti q\u00eb ta v\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb nivelin e gjuh\u00ebsis\u00eb krahasimtare bashk\u00ebkohore. Me Ksilanderin p\u00ebrfundon etapa e par\u00eb e studimeve gjermane mbi Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe shqiptar\u00ebt.<\/p>\n Studiuesi dhe albanologu gjerman, nj\u00ebri nga themeluesit e shkenc\u00ebs s\u00eb albanologjis\u00eb Johan Georg fon Han (1811-1869) i lindur n\u00eb Jen\u00eb, gjat\u00eb udh\u00ebtimit n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri dhe Greqi, njohu shqiptar\u00eb dhe arb\u00ebresh\u00eb. Em\u00ebrimi i tij si konsull i Austris\u00eb n\u00eb Janin\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1847, i dha atij mund\u00ebsin\u00eb q\u00eb t’i kushtoj\u00eb thuajse t\u00ebr\u00eb jet\u00ebn e tij aktive si studiues i popullit shqiptar nga i cili ishin shk\u00ebputur arb\u00ebresh\u00ebt n\u00eb mesjet\u00eb. Hani \u00ebsht\u00eb autor i vepr\u00ebs monumentale p\u00ebr historin\u00eb dhe bot\u00ebn shqiptare n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi “Studime shqiptare” (Albanesische Studien, Jena, 1954). M\u00eb von\u00eb botoi vepr\u00ebn Udh\u00ebtim n\u00ebp\u00ebr viset e Drinit e t\u00eb Vardarit (1867-1869).<\/p>\n N\u00eb vepr\u00ebn Studime shqiptare Hani thot\u00eb: “Meq\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebt nuk jan\u00eb sllav\u00eb dhe nuk lidhen ngusht\u00eb me ndonj\u00eb nga popujt e tjer\u00eb q\u00eb njohim, meq\u00eb burimet fare t\u00eb pakta q\u00eb kemi nuk flasin p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb shtegtim tjet\u00ebr (ve\u00e7 atij sllav), i cili t\u00eb ishte aq i madh sa t\u00eb krijonte nj\u00eb popull t\u00eb madh, duhet pranuar se shqiptar\u00ebt e sot\u00ebm jan\u00eb banor\u00ebt e hersh\u00ebm parasllav\u00eb t\u00eb atij vendi .” M\u00eb 1868 Hani boton n\u00eb Vjen\u00eb vepr\u00ebn Udh\u00ebtim nga Beogradi n\u00eb Selanik. Ai riformulon pik\u00ebpamjen e tij p\u00ebr autoktonin\u00eb e shqiptar\u00ebve. “Ne mund t\u00eb pranojm\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb padiskutueshme se shqiptar\u00ebt e sot\u00ebm jan\u00eb pasardh\u00ebs t\u00eb ilir\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb epirot\u00ebve t\u00eb lasht\u00eb” (vepra e cituar, f. 228). N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vep\u00ebr ai p\u00ebrshkruan vise t\u00eb banuara nga shqiptar\u00eb n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb, Maqedoni e Serbi, njeh prejardhjen dardane t\u00eb kosovar\u00ebve, njeh autoktonin\u00eb e shqiptar\u00ebve n\u00eb trevat e banuara prej tyre n\u00eb Maqedoni n\u00eb shekullin e kaluar. Argumentimi i autoktonis\u00eb s\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve nga Hani ngjalli nj\u00eb reagim t\u00eb menj\u00ebhersh\u00ebm nga ana e kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebve t\u00eb autoktonis\u00eb.<\/p>\n M\u00eb 1855 u botua teza e doktorat\u00ebs e studiuesit Nikokles n\u00eb Universitetin e Hajdelbergut n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn nga pozita antishkencore ai p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb argumentoj\u00eb pik\u00ebpamjen mitike t\u00eb ardhjes s\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve nga Albania e Kaukazit n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e mesjet\u00ebs, q\u00eb ishte paraqitur s\u00eb pari nga historian\u00ebt kishtar\u00eb nj\u00eb shekull para tij.<\/p>\n Punimi i Nikoklesit mori p\u00ebrgjigje shkencore n\u00eb vitin 1857 nga historiani dhe helenisti i shquar gjerman i mesit t\u00eb shekullit XIX \u2013 Jakob Filip Falmerajeri (Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, 1790-1861), i cili tregoi karakterin antishkencor dhe fantastik t\u00eb punimit n\u00eb fjal\u00eb. N\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb tri pjes\u00eb Elementi shqiptar n\u00eb Greqi, 1857, Falmerajeri p\u00ebrshkruan situat\u00ebn e studimeve rreth historis\u00eb dhe prejardhjes s\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve, duke na dh\u00ebn\u00eb tablon\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn duket qart\u00eb dominimi i pik\u00ebpamjes s\u00eb autoktonis\u00eb mbi at\u00eb t\u00eb aloktonis\u00eb, nj\u00eb dominim n\u00eb nivel shkencor t\u00eb argumentimit.<\/p>\n Falmerajeri zbulon vitalitetin e lart\u00eb t\u00eb popullit shqiptar, q\u00ebndres\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme ndaj asimilimit kulturor dhe etnik dhe e konsideron popullin shqiptar si nj\u00eb shembull t\u00eb gjall\u00eb t\u00eb faktit q\u00eb nj\u00eb popull luftarak \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb mbijetoj\u00eb edhe p\u00ebrball\u00eb rrebesheve m\u00eb t\u00eb egra t\u00eb historis\u00eb. Falmerajeri \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe autor i vepr\u00ebs Historia e gadishullit t\u00eb Mores\u00eb. Ky ishte i pari q\u00eb d\u00ebshmoi n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb shkencore pranin\u00eb e elementit shqiptar n\u00eb Greqi.<\/p>\n N\u00eb vitet 40 t\u00eb shekullit XIX gjuha shqipe u b\u00eb objekt studimi p\u00ebr figura t\u00eb tilla t\u00eb shquara bot\u00ebrore t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsis\u00eb krahasimtare si\u00e7 ishin Franc Bopi (1791-1867), profesor n\u00eb Universitetin e Berlinit dhe August Shlajheri (1821-1868).<\/p>\n M\u00eb 1843 F. Bopi shqyrtoi num\u00ebror\u00ebt dhe p\u00ebremrat e shqipes dhe arriti n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin mbi karakterin indoevropian t\u00eb shqipes, duke konfirmuar p\u00ebrfundimin e J. R. fon Ksilanderit.<\/p>\n M\u00eb 1850 August Shlajheri, i njohur si themelues i teoris\u00eb s\u00eb pem\u00ebs gjenealogjike n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsin\u00eb e krahasuar indoevropiane dhe rikonstruktuesi i gjuh\u00ebs protoindoevropiane, kishte provuar karakterin indoevropian t\u00eb shqipes, duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb asaj nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb af\u00ebrt me greqishten. M\u00eb 1855 Bopi e hodhi posht\u00eb pik\u00ebpamjen e Shlajherit rreth lidhjeve t\u00eb ngushta t\u00eb shqipes me greqishten. Ky ishte nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm edhe p\u00ebr l\u00ebvizjen patriotike shqiptare gjat\u00eb Rilindjes son\u00eb Komb\u00ebtare, sepse sillte nj\u00eb argument shkencor kund\u00ebr propagand\u00ebs s\u00eb megali ides\u00eb rreth nj\u00eb lidhjeje t\u00eb lasht\u00eb prejardhjeje t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt e kulturore t\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve me grek\u00ebt.<\/p>\n Qysh n\u00eb vitin 1861 arkeologu francez Leon Hezej (Leon Heuzey) vizitoi dhe p\u00ebrshkroi nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb qendrash t\u00eb lashta, ish-koloni greke t\u00eb lasht\u00ebsis\u00eb. Edhe studimet p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn shqipe filluan t\u00eb dalin p\u00ebrtej kufijve t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb.<\/p>\n Gjuh\u00ebtari slloven Franc Miklosi\u00e7 (1813-1899), profesor n\u00eb Universitetin e Vjen\u00ebs, nga vitet 60-70 t\u00eb shekullit XIX u mor me historin\u00eb e shqipes (s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ai i njohu prejardhjen ilire) dhe me problemet e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve t\u00eb shqipes me gjuh\u00ebt e tjera n\u00eb fush\u00eb e leksikut.<\/p>\n Po k\u00ebshtu nga vitet 80 t\u00eb shekullit XIX gjuh\u00ebtari \u00e7ek Jan Urban (1848-1923) u mor me problemet e gjuh\u00ebs e t\u00eb folklorit shqiptar.<\/p>\n Nga mesi i shekullit XIX n\u00eb historiografin\u00eb gjermane dhe at\u00eb bot\u00ebrore po ngrihej figura e nj\u00ebrit prej historian\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb koh\u00ebve moderne, Teodor Memesen-it. N\u00eb punimin e vitit 1850 Dialektet e Italis\u00eb s\u00eb Jugut ai arriti n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin mbi lidhjet e mesapishtes me ilirishten dhe me shqipen. N\u00eb vepr\u00ebn madhore t\u00eb tij Historia e Rom\u00ebs, epirot\u00ebt e lasht\u00eb t\u00eb prir\u00eb nga Pirua ai i mbiquan “shqiptar\u00eb t\u00eb lasht\u00ebsis\u00eb”. Jemi tani n\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur gramatikan\u00ebt e rinj (Junggrammatiker) kishin formuluar ligjet e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb evolucionit fonetik t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve.<\/p>\n P\u00ebr shqipen ky moment arrin kulmin me botimin n\u00eb vitin 1891 t\u00eb Fjalorit etimologjik t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs shqipe nga profesori austriak dhe albanologu Gustav Majer-i (1850-1900).<\/p>\n Majeri hapi rrug\u00ebn e studimit t\u00eb fonetik\u00ebs historike t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs shqipe n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn m\u00eb von\u00eb do t\u00eb jepnin kontribute themelore figura t\u00eb tilla t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsis\u00eb si Holger Pedersen-i (1867-1953; gjuh\u00ebtar dhe shkenc\u00ebtar danez, albanolog), Norbert Jokli (1877-1942; pedagog dhe studiues austriak, albanolog) e deri te Eqrem \u00c7abej (1908-1980) dhe studiues t\u00eb sot\u00ebm si Erik Hempi, Martin Huldi etj. N\u00eb vitin 1877 n\u00eb Gjermani del studimi i par\u00eb antropologjik p\u00ebr shqiptar\u00ebt e, me t\u00eb bashk\u00eb, nis dhe antropologjia e shqiptar\u00ebve. Udh\u00ebhap\u00ebs n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb deg\u00eb t\u00eb albanologjis\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb figur\u00eb e shquar e shkenc\u00ebs s\u00eb shekullit XIX, patologu dhe antropologu Rudolf Virhov (Rudolf Virchov,1821-1902) i njohur si themeluesi i patologjis\u00eb qelizore. Ai botoi n\u00eb Berlin punimin Mbi kraniologjin\u00eb e ilir\u00ebve. Shqiptar\u00ebt, kafkat e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve i pat studiuar, Virhovi i identifikon me ilir\u00eb.<\/p>\n Nga fundi i shekullit t\u00eb kaluar Helbig-u zbuloi se emrat e njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb hasen n\u00eb mbishkrimet mesape n\u00eb shum\u00eb raste jan\u00eb thuajse t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me antroponimet ilire t\u00eb bregdetit lindor t\u00eb Adriatikut. Mesap\u00ebt ishin nj\u00eb fis joitalik q\u00eb n\u00eb Italin\u00eb Jugore, n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn lindore t\u00eb siujdhes\u00ebs apenine, kishin emigruar nga Epiri dhe Iliria. Ata ishin nj\u00eb deg\u00ebzim i trungut t\u00eb popullit ilir. P\u00ebr t’i deshifruar mbishkrimet mesape, dijetar\u00ebt vendos\u00ebn ta shfryt\u00ebzojn\u00eb shqipen.<\/p>\n Studiuesi gjerman S. Buge n\u00eb vitet 90 t\u00eb shekullit XIX botoi punimin Mesapishtja dhe shqipja ku ai, n\u00eb evolucionin fonetik dhe n\u00eb leksik, midis gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb mesap\u00ebve t\u00eb lasht\u00eb dhe shqipes s\u00eb sotme zbulon nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebrputhjesh.<\/p>\n N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit XX pasuan studime t\u00eb tjera si ai i studiuesit italian F. Ribeco (F. Ribezzo).<\/p>\n N\u00eb vitet 30 t\u00eb shekullit XX pasuan studimet e gjuh\u00ebtarit gjerman A. fon Blumental, kurse n\u00eb vitet 60 t\u00eb atij shekulli – studimet e O. Has-it. Historia dhe gjuha e ilir\u00ebve u njoh me nj\u00eb konsensus t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqsh\u00ebm nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar si histori dhe gjuh\u00eb e paraardh\u00ebsve t\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve. K\u00ebrkimet n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb, duke nisur nga fillimi i shekullit XX formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb fush\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb dijes, t\u00eb njohur si ilirologji.<\/p>\n Nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr p\u00ebrpjekjet m\u00eb t\u00eb hershme p\u00ebr ta par\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e ilir\u00ebve n\u00eb nj\u00eb kontekst t\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb, si paraardh\u00ebse t\u00eb shqipes e n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet e saj indoevropiane u b\u00eb nga gjuh\u00ebtari i shquar gjerman e nj\u00eb nga helenist\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj – Paul Kre\u00e7meri n\u00eb kryevepr\u00ebn e tij Hyrje n\u00eb historin\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebs greke (1896), ku problemet e ilirishtes trajtohen n\u00eb unitetin e tyre me shqipen dhe mesapishten.<\/p>\n Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt gjerman\u00eb ishin Prometheu q\u00eb nxori drit\u00ebn e s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs nga terri i mosdijes.<\/p>\n Para monumentit q\u00eb ata kan\u00eb ngritur n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e historis\u00eb dhe t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs shqipe, shqiptar\u00ebt p\u00ebrulen me mir\u00ebnjohje t\u00eb thell\u00eb.<\/p>\n Shqiptar\u00ebt dhe Ami Bue, Fransua Puk\u00ebvil, Martin Lik<\/strong><\/p>\n Me shqiptar\u00ebt dhe me Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb jan\u00eb marr\u00eb edhe studiues t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, si p\u00ebr shembull etnografi, natyralisti dhe udh\u00ebtari francez Ami Bue (Ami Bou\u00e9, 1794-1881). Ky b\u00ebri udh\u00ebtime n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb dhe n\u00eb Ballkan, e n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri. Me interes p\u00ebr \u00e7\u00ebshtjet shqiptare jan\u00eb veprat: Turqia evropiane, Paris 1840 (Esquisse g\u00e9ologique de la Turquie d\u2019Europe) n\u00eb kat\u00ebr v\u00ebllime dhe P\u00ebrmbledhje udh\u00ebtimesh n\u00eb Turqin\u00eb evropiane, Vjen\u00eb 1854, n\u00eb dy v\u00ebllime.<\/p>\n N\u00eb to paraqet t\u00eb dh\u00ebna p\u00ebr historin\u00eb politike dhe ekonomike t\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb si dhe p\u00ebr demografin\u00eb, p\u00ebr ve\u00e7orit\u00eb e kultur\u00ebs materiale dhe shpirt\u00ebrore t\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve. Ndon\u00ebse ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb disa vler\u00ebsime t\u00eb diskutueshme, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e tij kan\u00eb vler\u00eb njoh\u00ebse historike.<\/p>\n Me shqiptar\u00ebt dhe Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb edhe ushtaraku anglez Uilliam Martin Lik (William Martin Leake, 1777-1860). Ky ishte p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues politik i qeveris\u00eb angleze pran\u00eb oborrit t\u00eb Ali pash\u00eb Tepelen\u00ebs n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit XIX. \u00cbsht\u00eb autor i dy veprave n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn angleze: K\u00ebrkime n\u00eb Greqi (Researches in Greece, 1854) dhe Udh\u00ebtime n\u00eb Greqin\u00eb e Veriut (Travels in Northern Greece), 1835, n\u00eb kat\u00ebr v\u00ebllime. N\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e par\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 materialeve t\u00eb ndryshme me karakter ekonomiko-shoq\u00ebror dhe politik, me interes p\u00ebr Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb, jep edhe sh\u00ebnime mbi gramatik\u00ebn shqipe n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb punimi t\u00eb hartuar nga m\u00ebsuesi Jan Evstrat Vithkuqari (1755-1822) si dhe mbi nj\u00eb fjalor t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs shqipe.<\/p>\n \u201cUdh\u00ebtime n\u00ebp\u00ebr Greqin\u00eb e Veriut\u201d e Likut \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb vep\u00ebr themelore p\u00ebr historin\u00eb e Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb jugore, n\u00ebn sundimin e Ali pash\u00eb Tepelen\u00ebs, me informacione historike, gjeografike, ekonomike, gjuh\u00ebsore, etnografike, arkeologjike etj. q\u00eb shtrihet n\u00eb koh\u00eb – nga e sotmja deri n\u00eb lasht\u00ebsin\u00eb klasike. K\u00ebtu bie n\u00eb sy njohja e burimeve t\u00eb lashta greke e romake lidhur me trojet e Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb jugut.<\/p>\n Liku arriti n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se shqiptar\u00ebt jan\u00eb autokton\u00eb n\u00eb trojet e tyre qysh nga fillimi i epok\u00ebs historike.<\/p>\n Shqiptar\u00ebt kan\u00eb qen\u00eb objekt interesimi i studiuesit francez Fransua Puk\u00ebvilit (Fran\u00e7ois Charles Hugues Laurent Pouqueville, 1770-1838). Ky ishte mjek, natyralist, diplomat, historian dhe arkeolog. Ishte konsull i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm i Perandoris\u00eb e m\u00eb pas i Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb franceze n\u00eb Janin\u00eb dhe n\u00eb Patra. Ndoqi nga af\u00ebr veprimtarin\u00eb politike t\u00eb Ali pash\u00eb Tepelen\u00ebs. Njihet si historiani m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i \u00e7erekut t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit XIX p\u00ebr pashall\u00ebkun e Janin\u00ebs. Vizitoi edhe nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb, duke udh\u00ebtuar nga Janina n\u00eb Shkod\u00ebr.<\/p>\n N\u00eb veprat e tij \u201cUdh\u00ebtim n\u00ebp\u00ebr Greqi\u201d (Voyage de la Gr\u00e8ce, Paris 1820) dhe \u201cHistoria e ringjalljes s\u00eb Greqis\u00eb\u201d (Histoire de la reg\u00e9n\u00e9ration de la Gr\u00e8ce) jep t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb \u00e7mueshme p\u00ebr vendin, p\u00ebr popullin si dhe p\u00ebr shtresat shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb jugore. Ndon\u00ebse armik politik i vezirit t\u00eb Janin\u00ebs, provoi m\u00eb s\u00eb miri synimet e Ali pash\u00eb Tepelen\u00ebs p\u00ebr shk\u00ebputje nga Perandoria Osmane.<\/p>\n Duhet shtuar se vler\u00ebsimet e Puk\u00ebvillit q\u00eb nxin personalitetin e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb Ali pash\u00eb Tepelen\u00ebs nuk i kan\u00eb q\u00ebndruar kritik\u00ebs bashk\u00ebkohore dhe asaj t\u00eb m\u00ebvonshme. Puk\u00ebvilli ishte nj\u00eb filogrek i p\u00ebrbetuar. Me shkrimet e veta ai e mb\u00ebshteti pavar\u00ebsin\u00eb e Greqis\u00eb nga Perandoria Osmane dhe u konsiderua si arkitekt i filohelenizmit n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb e sidomos n\u00eb Franc\u00eb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Shqiptar\u00ebt n\u00eb studimet gjermane PRILL 2021 Nga Xhelal Zejneli Historia dhe gjuha e shqiptar\u00ebve, nj\u00eb “terra incognita” p\u00ebr Evrop\u00ebn shkencore Nga Xhelal Zejneli t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb Rilindjes evropiane, u b\u00eb relativisht von\u00eb objekt i nj\u00eb interesimi t\u00eb gjall\u00eb dhe hetimi shkencor, p\u00ebr arsye se Shqip\u00ebria ende nuk ishte nj\u00eb shtet i pavarur ose autonom, e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":46820,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[85,10,86],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46819","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-histori","category-kultura","category-trashegimi-kulturore"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.shqiperia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Xhelal-Zejneli.jpg?fit=850%2C421&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5Z6wp-cb9","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":100063,"url":"https:\/\/www.shqiperia.com\/blog\/batutat-e-rames-gjermanet-jane-prapa-nesh-me-dixhitalizimin-neper-ministri-punojne-akoma-me-fax\/","url_meta":{"origin":46819,"position":0},"title":"Batutat e Ram\u00ebs: – Gjerman\u00ebt jan\u00eb prapa nesh me dixhitalizimin. – N\u00ebp\u00ebr ministri punojn\u00eb akoma me \u2018fax\u2019!","author":"Kurt Farka","date":"May 9, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"9 Maji 2026 Kryeministri Edi Rama deklaroi se programi \u201cEU4Municipalities II\u201d \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb instrument i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr modernizimin e institucioneve vendore dhe rritjen e kapaciteteve njer\u00ebzore n\u00eb bashkit\u00eb shqiptare. Gjat\u00eb fjal\u00ebs s\u00eb tij n\u00eb aktivitetin e nisjes s\u00eb programit, Rama tha se sfida m\u00eb e madhe aktuale mbetet forcimi i\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Blogu i Udh\u00ebtarit"","block_context":{"text":"Blogu i Udh\u00ebtarit","link":"https:\/\/www.shqiperia.com\/blog\/category\/blogu-i-udhetarit\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.shqiperia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rama-kuvend_1-1.jpg?fit=640%2C433&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.shqiperia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rama-kuvend_1-1.jpg?fit=640%2C433&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.shqiperia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rama-kuvend_1-1.jpg?fit=640%2C433&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":100091,"url":"https:\/\/www.shqiperia.com\/blog\/zbulohet-objekti-masiv-qe-pershkruan-faraonin-mendohet-se-ka-sfiduar-moisiun-gjate-eksodit\/","url_meta":{"origin":46819,"position":1},"title":"Zbulohet objekti masiv q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruan faraonin, mendohet se ka sfiduar Moisiun gjat\u00eb Eksodit","author":"Kurt Farka","date":"May 10, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"10 Maji 2026 Arkeolog\u00ebt n\u00eb Egjipt zbuluan s\u00eb fundmi nj\u00eb statuj\u00eb masive q\u00eb besohet se p\u00ebrshkruan mbretin Ramses II, faraonin q\u00eb besohet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb personazh i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb Dhiat\u00ebn e Vjet\u00ebr. 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