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Pse shqiptar\u00ebt nuk jan\u00eb nacionalist\u00eb (ndryshe nga serb\u00ebt dhe grek\u00ebt). – Bernd Fischer<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u00eb p\u00ebrvjetorin e nj\u00ebqindt\u00eb t\u00eb arm\u00ebpushimit, q\u00eb i dha fund Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, vihet re nj\u00eb ringjallje e interesit p\u00ebr nacionalizmin. Ky vjen si nj\u00eb zhvillim i mir\u00ebpritur, pasi duket se po p\u00ebrjetojm\u00eb nj\u00eb ringjallje edhe t\u00eb vet\u00eb konceptit, sidomos n\u00eb ato pjes\u00eb t\u00eb bot\u00ebs ku p\u00ebrdorimi i k\u00ebtij koncepti ishte dob\u00ebsuar.<\/p>\n N\u00eb Itali, Matteo Salvini, z\u00ebvend\u00ebskryeministri nacionalist, ka kthyer mbrapsht anijet e emigrant\u00ebve dhe ka b\u00ebr\u00eb thirrje p\u00ebr d\u00ebbimin e rom\u00ebve. N\u00eb Hungari, kryeministri Viktor Orban flet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u201cpushtimin mysliman\u201d dhe me krenari \u00a0flet p\u00ebr versionin e tij t\u00eb \u201cdemokracis\u00eb joliberale\u201d. N\u00eb Gjermani, ekstremi i djatht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb z\u00ebri kryesor i opozit\u00ebs n\u00eb parlament dhe Presidenti i Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara, Donald Trump, \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebshpallur si nacionalist krenar. K\u00ebto zhvillime kan\u00eb alarmuar shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb presidentin Macron t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs, i cili koh\u00ebt e fundit e p\u00ebrshkroi nacionalizmin si tradhti ndaj patriotizmit, si e kund\u00ebrta e patriotizmit. Ai mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb.<\/p>\n Nuk ekziston nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizim i qart\u00eb p\u00ebr nacionalizmin. Fillimisht u zhvillua n\u00eb Europ\u00eb, si nj\u00eb reagim i papritur ndaj luft\u00ebrave napoleonike. Pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e teoris\u00eb u zhvillua n\u00eb Gjermani, ku kemi par\u00eb sukseset dhe ekseset m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb nacionalizmit. Themelet teorike u vendos\u00ebn kryesisht nga Johann Herder dhe J. G. Fichte. Herder shkroi p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb ai e quajti \u201cVolksgeist\u201d ose \u2018shpirti i popullit\u2019, duke argumentuar se \u00e7do komb kishte genin e vet krijues, nj\u00eb frym\u00ebzim p\u00ebr nacionalizmin e hersh\u00ebm romantik, kulturor dhe liberal.<\/p>\n Nd\u00ebrsa Herder q\u00ebndroi larg nga gjykimet e vlerave, Fichte shtoi tezat racore, duke sugjeruar se gjerman\u00ebt kishin nj\u00eb fat t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb politik dhe komb\u00ebtar. Ky version nxiti nacionalizmin agresiv, konservativ dhe politik t\u00eb Bismarkut.<\/p>\n N\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm, nga pik\u00ebpamja psikologjike, nacionalizmi \u00ebsht\u00eb i rr\u00ebnjosur n\u00eb identitetin etnik, n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt, histori t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt, n\u00eb tradita dhe n\u00eb aspiratat e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhmen. N\u00eb aspektin shoq\u00ebror dhe ekonomik, nacionalizmi u rr\u00ebnjos n\u00eb rritjen e popullsis\u00eb urbane dhe n\u00eb sekularizimin e kultur\u00ebs s\u00eb klas\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme. N\u00eb nj\u00ebfar\u00eb m\u00ebnyre, nxiste edhe m\u00ebsimin e shkrimit dhe leximit, pasi nuk mund t\u00eb jesh nacionalist efektiv n\u00ebse nuk di t\u00eb lexosh. N\u00eb aspektin politik, u p\u00ebrdor p\u00ebr t\u00eb promovuar interesin komb\u00ebtar dhe parimin e kombit shtet, si dhe kufijt\u00eb politik\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi etnike. Ka disa element\u00eb pozitiv\u00eb lidhur me nacionalizmin. Inkurajoi zhvillimin e vet\u00ebdijes kulturore si dhe fillimet e nj\u00eb ekonomie komb\u00ebtare. Por, sipas vler\u00ebsimit tim, aspektet negative tejkalojn\u00eb pozitivet. Nacionalizmi solli shovinizmin agresiv, tendencat imperialiste, militarizmin dhe luft\u00ebn. Kontribuoi edhe n\u00eb shp\u00ebrthimin e Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore dhe m\u00eb s\u00eb fundi, n\u00eb luft\u00ebrat e shkat\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb Jugosllavis\u00eb.<\/p>\n Por, \u00e7\u2019mund themi p\u00ebr patriotizmin? Termi p\u00ebrshkruhet pothuajse si nj\u00eb dashuri ndaj vendit, dhe jo ndaj kombit. Nacionalizmi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb si patriotizmi, kryesisht sepse bazohet n\u00eb ekskluzivitetin etnik, nd\u00ebrsa patriotizmi bazohet n\u00eb p\u00ebrfshirjen etnike.<\/p>\n Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb b\u00ebhesh amerikan, kanadez ose francez, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb b\u00ebhesh serb apo kroat \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur. T\u00eb till\u00eb, ose jeni, ose nuk jeni. Patriotizmi pati nj\u00eb prirje p\u00ebr t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar nacionalizmin n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb Per\u00ebndimit, pjes\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ndikimeve t\u00eb Rilindjes, Iluminizmit dhe Revolucionit Francez. N\u00eb ato zona t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs Lindore, t\u00eb cilat ishin m\u00eb pak t\u00eb ndikuara nga l\u00ebvizjet e m\u00ebsip\u00ebrme, kohezioni social vazhdonte t\u00eb bazohej n\u00eb p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsi etnike dhe fetare.<\/p>\n Nacionalist\u00ebt fitojn\u00eb adhurues n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet mashtrimit, p\u00ebrmes historicizmit, ose shtremb\u00ebrimit t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb historis\u00eb. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, ata k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebrmes frik\u00ebs dhe g\u00ebnjeshtrave, pothuajse nj\u00eblloj si argumentet p\u00ebrmbyll\u00ebse t\u00eb presidentit Trump n\u00eb prag t\u00eb zgjedhjeve t\u00eb fundit afatmesme n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara. Ndon\u00ebse Trump nuk e kupton plot\u00ebsisht nacionalizmin, ai duket se ka p\u00ebrqafuar disa nga element\u00ebt e tij m\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebmtuar.<\/p>\n Natyrisht, nacionalizmi \u00ebsht\u00eb i gjall\u00eb edhe n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri, por versioni shqiptar, un\u00eb do t\u00eb thoja se \u00ebsht\u00eb pak m\u00eb i but\u00eb se versioni serb ose grek (t\u00eb cilin e pam\u00eb pak dit\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb Bularat). Pra, pse ekziston ky dallim? Besoj se ka shum\u00eb arsye.<\/p>\n Shqip\u00ebria ishte e fundit nga vendet e Ballkanit q\u00eb shpalli Pavar\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe e fundit q\u00eb zhvilloi nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrgjegje moderne komb\u00ebtare. Pse u vonua zhvillimi nacionalist n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri? Edhe pse kjo pyetje \u00ebsht\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlikuar, mund t\u00eb kuptohet kryesisht n\u00eb termat e politikave t\u00eb ndjekura nga osman\u00ebt dhe natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb vet\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve.<\/p>\n Osman\u00ebt, q\u00eb sunduan shqiptar\u00ebt p\u00ebr rreth kat\u00ebr shekuj, ndoq\u00ebn politika q\u00eb pengonin n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive zhvillimin e nj\u00eb vet\u00ebdijeje komb\u00ebtare. Disa nga k\u00ebto politika u zbatuan p\u00ebr popujt e Ballkanit n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjera u aplikuan vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr shqiptar\u00ebt. Fillimisht, osman\u00ebt i ndan\u00eb vendet e pushtuara prej tyre n\u00eb nj\u00ebsi administrative pa marr\u00eb parasysh komb\u00ebsin\u00eb, dhe shqiptar\u00ebt u ndan\u00eb n\u00eb kat\u00ebr vilajete t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta ose rajone administrative.<\/p>\n M\u00eb pas, meqen\u00ebse feja nuk ishte e lidhur me komb\u00ebsin\u00eb n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri, si\u00e7 ishte n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb pjes\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb Ballkanit, osman\u00ebt konkluduan se gjuha, arsimi dhe kultura ishin element\u00eb kritik\u00eb n\u00eb zhvillimin e nacionalizmit shqiptar.<\/p>\n U vendos\u00ebn kufizime t\u00eb ashpra n\u00eb m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnien e gjuh\u00ebs shqipe, pasi nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e shkruar e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt mund t\u00eb nxiste zhvillimin nj\u00eb literatur\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt, zbulimin e nj\u00eb t\u00eb kaluare t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt dhe rritjen e nacionalizmit modern.<\/p>\n Jo t\u00eb gjitha pengesat q\u00eb osman\u00ebt vendos\u00ebn n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e zhvillimit t\u00eb nacionalizmit shqiptar ishin shtyp\u00ebse. Shqiptar\u00ebt e gjet\u00ebn veten n\u00eb nj\u00eb pozicion t\u00eb favorsh\u00ebm n\u00eb Perandorin\u00eb Osmane dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye nuk ndjen\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin nivel pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsie p\u00ebr sundimin e huaj, sikurse shumica e popujve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb Ballkanit.<\/p>\n P\u00ebrkundrazi, shqiptar\u00ebt shpesh i shihnin turqit si mbrojt\u00ebs, kund\u00ebr grek\u00ebve dhe serb\u00ebve armiq\u00ebsor\u00eb. P\u00ebr shum\u00eb shqiptar\u00eb, Perandoria Osmane ofroi mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb karrier\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr avancim n\u00eb ushtri ose n\u00eb administrat\u00eb, ku ata sh\u00ebrbenin n\u00eb shifra joproporcionale.<\/p>\n Turqit nuk ishin p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha pengesat n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e rritjes s\u00eb nacionalizmit shqiptar. Natyra e qytet\u00ebrimit dhe trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb shqiptare ofroi pengesa t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme indigjene (lokale-vendase).<\/p>\n Ndarjet dhe nivelet e ndryshme t\u00eb zhvillimit brenda shoq\u00ebris\u00eb shqiptare nxit\u00ebn klanizim dhe lokalizim, duke frenuar t\u00eb menduarit n\u00eb terma komb\u00ebtar\u00eb. Ekzistenca e tre ose kat\u00ebr besimeve fetare (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb mysliman\u00ebt bektashinj) e penguan Kish\u00ebn t\u00eb luante rolin unifikues q\u00eb pati n\u00eb shum\u00eb zona t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs Lindore.<\/p>\n M\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, natyra e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb shqiptare siguroi nj\u00eb penges\u00eb t\u00eb fuqishme kund\u00ebr bashkimit. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 dallimeve fetare, shqiptar\u00ebt u ndan\u00eb gjithashtu p\u00ebr arsye gjuh\u00ebsore, kulturore, shoq\u00ebrore dhe ekonomike. Kjo p\u00ebr\u00e7arje \u00ebsht\u00eb nxitur nga ekzistenca e tre fazave konfliktuale t\u00eb qytet\u00ebrimit: klanet mal\u00ebsore t\u00eb pavarura n\u00eb Veri, bejler\u00ebt feudal\u00eb n\u00eb Jug, (t\u00eb cil\u00ebt sunduan mbi fshatrat e tosk\u00ebve mysliman\u00eb, p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht t\u00eb bindur), dhe popullsia m\u00eb e arsimuar dhe e urbanizuar n\u00eb periferit\u00eb helenike dhe katolike.<\/p>\n Turqit shfryt\u00ebzuan p\u00ebr\u00e7arjen dhe munges\u00ebn e zhvillimit duke nxitur mosmarr\u00ebveshje midis dhe brenda k\u00ebtyre fazave t\u00eb qytet\u00ebrimit, shpesh duke marr\u00eb rolin e arbitrit.<\/p>\n P\u00ebrkund\u00ebr presionit t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm t\u00eb disa elitave nacionaliste shqiptare, t\u00eb ndihmuar nga politika represive t\u00eb ndjekura nga disa nga fqinj\u00ebt e Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb, lloji i nacionalizmit t\u00eb ashp\u00ebr q\u00eb shohim gjetk\u00eb n\u00eb Ballkan, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar mes shumic\u00ebs d\u00ebrrmuese t\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve.<\/p>\n Irredentizmi, \u00e7el\u00ebsi i nacionalizmit tradicional, duket t\u00eb jet\u00eb q\u00ebllim n\u00eb vetvete p\u00ebr vet\u00ebm disa shtete. Ashtu si \u00e7do gj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb Ballkan, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e pandryshueshme. N\u00ebse q\u00ebllimi i Per\u00ebndimit \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb zbutjen e zhvillimit t\u00eb nacionalizmit t\u00eb fort\u00eb tradicional n\u00eb mesin e shqiptar\u00ebve, besoj se ekzistojn\u00eb strategji q\u00eb mund t\u00eb leht\u00ebsojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb proces.<\/p>\n K\u00ebto strategji p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb zbatimin e plot\u00eb t\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjeve t\u00eb Ohrit n\u00eb Maqedoni, zgjerimin e autonomis\u00eb reale p\u00ebr shqiptar\u00ebt etnik\u00eb atje dhe ndoshta m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, duke pranuar plot\u00ebsisht pavar\u00ebsin\u00eb e Kosov\u00ebs. Dhe s\u00eb fundmi, si\u00e7 m\u00ebsuam t\u00eb gjith\u00eb nga nj\u00eb studim i Ballkanit gjat\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb dy luft\u00ebrave, p\u00ebrpjekja p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur problemin politik, pa i kushtuar v\u00ebmendje ekonomis\u00eb, ka t\u00eb ngjar\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb e pasuksesshme.<\/p>\n Mentori im i nderuar serb, profesor Dimitrije Gjorgjevi\u00e7, donte t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebriste fjalimin e vjet\u00ebr t\u00eb Ballkanit: nj\u00eb bark i zbraz\u00ebt djeg nj\u00eb vrim\u00eb n\u00eb flamur. Ky ndoshta mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsi kryesor p\u00ebr t\u00eb dekurajuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive zhvillimin e nacionalizmit t\u00eb ashp\u00ebr, tradicional, shqiptar.<\/p>\n Un\u00eb besoj se shqiptar\u00ebt kan\u00eb shum\u00eb gj\u00ebra p\u00ebr t\u2019i m\u00ebsuar pjes\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs Lindore. Ata kan\u00eb shmangur shum\u00eb nga aspektet m\u00eb negative t\u00eb nacionalizmit, ato aspekte q\u00eb duket t\u00eb jen\u00eb inkurajuese p\u00ebr Trump, Orban dhe Salvinin. Shumica e shqiptar\u00ebve duket se e kan\u00eb p\u00ebrqafuar konceptin e patriotizmit. Un\u00eb besoj se ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb zhvillim shum\u00eb pozitiv, q\u00eb rrit stabilitetin e Ballkanit.<\/p>\n *Bernd J. Fischer \u00ebsht\u00eb Professor Emeritus i Histors\u00eb n\u00eb Indiana University, Fort Wayne. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb autor i nj\u00eb numri librash, p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb shqip dhe gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, nd\u00ebr ta Mbreti Zog dhe p\u00ebrpjekja p\u00ebr stabilitet n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri; Shqip\u00ebria n\u00eb luft\u00eb, 1939\u20131945; Identitete shqiptare: Historia dhe Miti (bashk\u00eb-editor dhe bashk\u00eb-autor); T\u00eb fort\u00ebt e Ballkanit: Diktator\u00ebt dhe sundimtar\u00ebt autoritar\u00eb t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs Juglindore (editor dhe bashk\u00eb-autor); Shqip\u00ebria 1943-1945, nj\u00eb pamje p\u00ebrmes dokumenteve Per\u00ebndimor;, P\u00ebrplasja me Rom\u00ebn. <\/em><\/p>\n Pse shqiptar\u00ebt nuk jan\u00eb nacionalist\u00eb (ndryshe nga serb\u00ebt dhe grek\u00ebt). – Bernd Fischer Termi p\u00ebrshkruhet pothuajse si nj\u00eb dashuri ndaj vendit, dhe jo ndaj kombit. Nacionalizmi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb si patriotizmi, kryesisht sepse bazohet n\u00eb ekskluzivitetin etnik, nd\u00ebrsa patriotizmi bazohet n\u00eb p\u00ebrfshirjen etnike. N\u00eb p\u00ebrvjetorin e nj\u00ebqindt\u00eb t\u00eb arm\u00ebpushimit, q\u00eb i dha fund Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":15502,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[27,85,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blogu-i-udhetarit","category-histori","category-kultura"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.shqiperia.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/index.jpg?fit=303%2C148&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5Z6wp-421","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":100155,"url":"https:\/\/www.shqiperia.com\/blog\/kullat-e-boshta-dhe-xhepat-e-zbrazet-pied-a-terre-ne-tirane\/","url_meta":{"origin":15501,"position":0},"title":"Kullat e boshta dhe xhepat e zbraz\u00ebt: – Pied-\u00e0-terre n\u00eb Tiran\u00eb","author":"Kurt Farka","date":"May 12, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"12 Maji 2026 Nga: Adrian Thano Ekuilibri \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjidhja. Nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri e sh\u00ebndetshme nuk duhet as t\u00eb adhuroj\u00eb miliarder\u00ebt si per\u00ebndi dhe as t\u2019i trajtoj\u00eb k\u00ebta si armiq publik\u00eb. Pasuria duhet t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi, taksa duhet t\u00eb mbetet instrument ekonomie. 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