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3 Shtator 2026<\/strong><\/p>\n Nj\u00eb sht\u00ebllung\u00eb masive shk\u00ebmbinjsh t\u00eb nxeht\u00eb q\u00eb ngrihet nga thell\u00ebsit\u00eb e Tok\u00ebs mund t\u00eb shpjegoj\u00eb nj\u00eb model t\u00eb \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm l\u00ebvizjeje n\u00ebn Riftin e Afrik\u00ebs Lindore, ku kontinenti po t\u00ebrhiqet ngadal\u00eb n\u00eb drejtime t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta.<\/strong><\/p>\n Modelet kompjuterike po i ndihmojn\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt t\u00eb shpjegojn\u00eb nj\u00eb model t\u00eb \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm deformimi n\u00ebn Sistemin e Riftit t\u00eb Afrik\u00ebs Lindore. Rezultatet tregojn\u00eb se Superpluma Afrikane, nj\u00eb ngritje e madhe e materialit t\u00eb nxeht\u00eb t\u00eb mantelit nga thell\u00ebsit\u00eb e Tok\u00ebs, \u00ebsht\u00eb burimi i nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizjeje t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb q\u00eb zhvillohet paralelisht me riftin, si edhe i nj\u00eb modeli t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si val\u00ebt sizmike p\u00ebrhapen n\u00ebp\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbinjt\u00eb posht\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n \u00c7arja kontinentale ndodh kur shtresa e jashtme e ngurt\u00eb e Tok\u00ebs fillon t\u00eb zgjatet dhe t\u00eb hollohet. Kjo shtres\u00eb e jashtme, e quajtur litosfer\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshin koren dhe pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb sip\u00ebrme t\u00eb mantelit.<\/p>\n Nd\u00ebrsa litosfera t\u00ebrhiqet n\u00eb drejtime t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta, ajo mund t\u00eb sillet ndryshe n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe vendit ku aplikohet sforcimi. Pran\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqes, shk\u00ebmbinjt\u00eb mund t\u00eb \u00e7ahen, duke krijuar \u00e7arje tektonike dhe t\u00ebrmete. M\u00eb thell\u00eb, materiali m\u00eb i nxeht\u00eb mund t\u00eb deformohet m\u00eb gradualisht.<\/p>\n Gjeofizikania D. Sarah Stamps i krahason k\u00ebto sjellje t\u00eb ndryshme me Silly Putty.<\/p>\n \u201cN\u00ebse e godet Silly Putty-n me nj\u00eb \u00e7eki\u00e7, ai mund t\u00eb \u00e7ahet dhe t\u00eb thyhet\u201d,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>tha Stamps, profesoresh\u00eb e asociuar n\u00eb Departamentin e Gjeoshkencave, pjes\u00eb e Kolegjit t\u00eb Shkencave t\u00eb Virginia Tech.\u00a0<\/span>\u201cPor n\u00ebse e t\u00ebrheq ngadal\u00eb, Silly Putty shtrihet. Pra, n\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme kohore, litosfera e Tok\u00ebs sillet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n N\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rifteve kontinentale, deformimi ndjek nj\u00eb model relativisht t\u00eb parashikuesh\u00ebm. L\u00ebvizja m\u00eb e fort\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht ndodh pingul me riftin, n\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin korja po t\u00ebrhiqet.<\/p>\n Sistemi i Riftit t\u00eb Afrik\u00ebs Lindore, sistemi m\u00eb i madh i riftit kontinental n\u00eb Tok\u00eb, shfaq v\u00ebrtet deformimin e pritsh\u00ebm pingul me riftin. Por Stamps zbuloi di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr pas m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 12 vitesh matjesh me GPS. Pjes\u00eb t\u00eb rajonit po deformoheshin gjithashtu n\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim paralel me vet\u00eb riftin.<\/p>\n Kjo l\u00ebvizje e papritur u b\u00eb nj\u00eb mister qendror p\u00ebr ekipin e saj n\u00eb Laboratorin e Gjeodezis\u00eb dhe Tektonofizik\u00ebs.<\/p>\n Nj\u00eb superplum\u00eb gjigante n\u00ebn Afrik\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u00eb nj\u00eb studim t\u00eb botuar n\u00eb Journal of Geophysical Research, studiuesit p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn modele termomekanike 3D p\u00ebr t\u00eb hetuar se \u00e7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb ishte duke prodhuar k\u00ebt\u00eb deformim t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb.<\/p>\n Modelimi u zhvillua nga autori i par\u00eb, Tahiry Rajaonarison, studiues postdoktoral n\u00eb New Mexico Tech, i cili mori doktoratur\u00ebn n\u00eb Virginia Tech nd\u00ebrsa punonte n\u00eb laboratorin e Stamps.<\/p>\n Simulimet tregojn\u00eb se l\u00ebvizja paralele me riftin lidhet me rrjedhjen e mantelit drejt veriut, e lidhur me Superplum\u00ebn Afrikane.<\/p>\n Superpluma Afrikane \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb zon\u00eb gjigante e materialit t\u00eb mantelit q\u00eb ngrihet nga thell\u00ebsit\u00eb, e cila fillon thell\u00eb n\u00ebn Afrik\u00ebn jugper\u00ebndimore dhe shtrihet drejt verilindjes p\u00ebrtej kontinentit. Nd\u00ebrsa l\u00ebviz drejt veriut, ajo b\u00ebhet gradualisht m\u00eb e cek\u00ebt n\u00ebn sip\u00ebrfaqe.<\/p>\n Sipas modeleve, kjo rrjedhje e thell\u00eb e mantelit mund t\u00eb shpjegoj\u00eb deformimin q\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrputhet me modelin m\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb q\u00eb pritet nga nj\u00eb kontinent q\u00eb po shtrihet dhe po shk\u00ebputet.<\/p>\n Dy forca mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb duke form\u00ebsuar Riftin<\/strong><\/p>\n Gjetjet shtojn\u00eb gjithashtu prova t\u00eb reja n\u00eb nj\u00eb debat t\u00eb gjat\u00eb mbi at\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb po e shkakton Sistemin e Riftit t\u00eb Afrik\u00ebs Lindore.<\/p>\n Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt jan\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruar p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht n\u00eb dy mund\u00ebsi kryesore: forcat e lundrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb litosfer\u00ebs, forcat e t\u00ebrheqjes s\u00eb mantelit, ose nj\u00eb kombinim i t\u00eb dyjave.<\/p>\n Forcat e lundrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb litosfer\u00ebs veprojn\u00eb relativisht pran\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqes. Ato ndikohen nga ndryshimet n\u00eb lart\u00ebsi dhe dend\u00ebsi brenda litosfer\u00ebs. N\u00eb Afrik\u00ebn Lindore, nj\u00eb ve\u00e7ori e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb Superngritja Afrikane, nj\u00eb rajon i gjer\u00eb me topografi jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb lart\u00eb.<\/p>\n Forcat e t\u00ebrheqjes s\u00eb mantelit burojn\u00eb m\u00eb thell\u00eb brenda Tok\u00ebs. Ato rezultojn\u00eb nga l\u00ebvizja e materialit t\u00eb mantelit n\u00ebn litosfer\u00eb dhe nga forcat q\u00eb manteli n\u00eb rrjedhje mund t\u00eb ushtroj\u00eb mbi pllak\u00ebn e ngurt\u00eb sip\u00ebr tij.<\/p>\n Stamps filloi t\u00eb dokumentonte l\u00ebvizjen e pazakont\u00eb paralele me riftin kur punonte si studiuese postdoktorale. Ajo p\u00ebrdori stacione GPS q\u00eb merrnin sinjale nga m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 30 satelit\u00eb q\u00eb orbitonin Tok\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb larg\u00ebsi prej rreth 25 000 kilometrash.<\/p>\n K\u00ebto matje ishin mjaft t\u00eb sakta p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjurmuar l\u00ebvizjen e sip\u00ebrfaqes n\u00eb shkall\u00eb milimetrike.<\/p>\n V\u00ebzhgimet e saj e nd\u00ebrlikuan pamjen ekzistuese, sepse forcat e lundrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb pran\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqes mund t\u00eb shpjegonin pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb pritshme p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb riftit, por jo l\u00ebvizjen q\u00eb zhvillohej p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n Modelet e m\u00ebparshme tregonin nj\u00eb kombinim<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u00eb nj\u00eb studim t\u00eb vitit 2021, ekipi p\u00ebrdori simulime llogarit\u00ebse 3D p\u00ebr t\u00eb testuar se si mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrvepronin dy grupet e forcave.<\/p>\n K\u00ebto modele sugjeronin se t\u00eb dyja mund t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme.<\/p>\n Forcat e lundrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb litosfer\u00ebs dukeshin se shpjegonin deformimin m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur q\u00eb zhvillohej pingul me riftin. Megjithat\u00eb, ato nuk mund t\u00eb riprodhonin deformimin anormal q\u00eb Stamps kishte matur paralelisht me t\u00eb.<\/p>\n Kjo i la studiuesit n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb nj\u00eb mekanizmi tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n N\u00eb studimin e ri, Rajaonarison p\u00ebrdori s\u00ebrish modelimin termomekanik 3D, k\u00ebt\u00eb her\u00eb duke u p\u00ebrqendruar posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht te deformimi i pashpjeguar paralel me riftin.<\/p>\n Modelet treguan se rrjedhja e mantelit drejt veriut, e lidhur me Superplum\u00ebn Afrikane, mund t\u00eb prodhonte l\u00ebvizjen e v\u00ebzhguar.<\/p>\n Ato riprodhuan gjithashtu nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00ebn rift: anizotropin\u00eb sizmike paralele me riftin.<\/p>\n \u00c7far\u00eb zbulon anizotropia sizmike<\/strong><\/p>\n Anizotropia sizmike i referohet nj\u00eb situate n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn val\u00ebt sizmike p\u00ebrhapen ndryshe n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb drejtimit n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin l\u00ebvizin n\u00ebp\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbinj.<\/p>\n Kjo mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb kur mineralet dhe strukturat shk\u00ebmbore orientohen n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin drejtim. Ky orientim mund t\u00eb krijohet nga rrjedhja e mantelit, nga zona t\u00eb shkrirjes ose nga struktura m\u00eb t\u00eb vjetra q\u00eb tashm\u00eb ndodhen n\u00eb litosfer\u00eb.<\/p>\n N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, orientimi i shk\u00ebmbinjve p\u00ebrputhet me drejtimin e rrjedhjes s\u00eb mantelit drejt veriut t\u00eb Superplum\u00ebs Afrikane.<\/p>\n Kjo p\u00ebrputhje ofron nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb se l\u00ebvizja e thell\u00eb e mantelit po ndikon n\u00eb deformimin e pazakont\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrejtur n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe.<\/p>\n \u201cNe po themi se rrjedhja e mantelit nuk po drejton drejtimin lindje-per\u00ebndim, pingul me riftin, t\u00eb disa prej deformimeve, por se ajo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb duke shkaktuar deformimin anormal drejt veriut, paralel me riftin\u201d,<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>tha Rajaonarison.\u00a0<\/span>\u201cNe konfirmuam idet\u00eb e m\u00ebparshme se forcat e lundrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb litosfer\u00ebs po e drejtojn\u00eb riftin, por po sjellim nj\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim t\u00eb ri se deformimi anormal mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb n\u00eb Afrik\u00ebn Lindore.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n Nj\u00eb pamje m\u00eb komplekse e shk\u00ebputjes s\u00eb kontinentit<\/strong><\/p>\n T\u00eb marra s\u00eb bashku, studimet sugjerojn\u00eb se asnj\u00eb forc\u00eb e vetme nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb po ndodh n\u00eb Sistemin e Riftit t\u00eb Afrik\u00ebs Lindore.<\/p>\n Forcat m\u00eb t\u00eb cek\u00ebta t\u00eb lundrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb litosfer\u00ebs duket se luajn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb madh n\u00eb shtrirjen m\u00eb tipike t\u00eb riftit. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, rrjedhja m\u00eb e thell\u00eb e mantelit, e lidhur me Superplum\u00ebn Afrikane, mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr deformimin e pazakont\u00eb drejt veriut dhe p\u00ebr gjurm\u00ebn sizmike n\u00ebn t\u00eb.<\/p>\n T\u00eb kuptuarit se si nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb k\u00ebto forca \u00ebsht\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, sepse Rifti i Afrik\u00ebs Lindore u ofron shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve nj\u00eb laborator natyror p\u00ebr t\u00eb studiuar se si kontinentet fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb shk\u00ebputen.<\/p>\n Studiuesit kan\u00eb kaluar dekada duke u p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb zinxhirin e plot\u00eb t\u00eb proceseve t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira n\u00eb \u00e7arjen kontinentale, nga l\u00ebvizja e mantelit t\u00eb thell\u00eb deri te \u00e7arjet dhe t\u00ebrmetet n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe.<\/p>\n